How to create a new empty memory layer with fields scheme from other layer in QGIS?

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Being a complete noob with python so far, I got inspired by this answer: http://gis.stackexchange.com/a/155988/8202 to dive into it a bit.

When creating features in a new target layer from an existing source layer, all "solutions" I found so far to create that new layer, were to either

1. prepare the new target layer manually in QGIS beforehand, adding all fields (with field types, lengths etc).
   
2. Hard-code the field settings into the python script when creating that new target layer.How to create a new empty vector layer programmatically?
   

It seems a bit odd to me that there should be no programmatic way to clone the attribute scheme of a layer, and create a new (memory) layer with this scheme, so you wont have to change your script for each new layer, or fumble things together manually.

I'm focused on the creation of memory-layers, cause I want to have the opportunity to decide by myself if the outcome is satisfactory and save it manually when it fits my needs.



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