Sub-Shapefile Attribute Ineritance

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I have two shape files:

1. a shape file of plant communities: each polygon there covers a wide swath of land and names the plant community there.
   
2. I also have another shape file that identifies a bunch of tree crowns and the specie of each.
   

Given the polygons of the second shapefile are much smaller than the first, how can I know the plant community that each crown belongs to?

I know pretty much most object oriented programming languages, R and matlab and no knowledge of ArcGIS. ENVI.

Thank you



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